Reported Speech

We use reported speech when we want to repeat what someone had previously said. Here are some of the important verb changes we use when making reported speech:

VERB TENSES	REPORTED SPEECH
1-   PRESENT	1- PAST
2-   PAST	2- PAST / PAST PERFECT (HAD + P.P.)
3-   PRESENT PERFECT (HAVE / HAS + P.P.)	3- PAST PERFECT (HAD + P.P.)
4-   FUTURE (WILL)	4- CONDITIONAL (WOULD)
5-   CAN	5- COULD

                                                                                

1-   Present	1-  Past
I’m happy.	She said she was happy.
I work on Saturdays.	She said she worked on Saturdays.

                                                                                

Negative forms
I don’t like eggs.	She said she didn’t like eggs.

                                                                                

2- Past	2- Past/Past Perfect
I was happy.	She said she was happy.
I worked last Saturday.	She said she had worked last Saturday.

                                                                                

3- Present Perfect	3- Past Perfect
I have met Regina Duarte.	She said she had met Regina Duarte.

                                                                                

4- Future (will)	4- Conditional (would)
I will start working on Monday.	She said she would start working on Monday.

                                                                                

5-   Can	5- Could
I can dance the tango very well.	She said she could dance the tango very well.

                                                                                

6- Imperative Sentences – Affirmative Forms	6- Imperative (to)
Call me tomorrow.	She said to call her the next day.

                                                                                

7- Imperative Sentences – Negative Forms	7- Not to
Don’t smoke.	She said/asked/requested not to smoke.
Don’t open the door.	She said/asked/requested not to open the door.

OBSERVATIONS:

a) Some auxiliary verbs change in reported speech:
WILL = WOULD                                              MAY   = MIGHT
CAN   = COULD                                               MUST = HAD TO
b) Others stay the same in both direct and indirect speech:
     WOULD / SHOULD / COULD / MIGHT
c) Pronouns and adverbs also change in reported speech:

I  = he / she           My  = his / her This   = that Here   = there Now   = then

Today          = that day Tomorrow   = the next/ following day Yesterday    = the previous day / the day before Last night    = the previous night / the night before Ago             = before

d) When the affirmation made in direct speech is still valid at the moment it is reported, the verb tense doesn’t need to be changed.
- “Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide”, the doctor said.

- The doctor said that cigarette smoke contains (or contained) carbon monoxide.

           PRACTICE

Money

Este é mais um post sobre o trabalho do meu querido amigo Henrique Pignatari, colunista do Jornal do Meio de Bragança Paulista. Neste ele apresenta expressões idiomáticas e gírias relacionadas a dinheiro.

Veja:

Dosh (UK) – grana; mufunfa; dinheiro

Ex.: How much dosh have you got?

       (Quanta grana você tem?)

*: essa gíria é exclusivamente britânica e costuma confundir os americanos.

Buck (US) – grana; quantia de dinheiro.

Ex.: If I start working on the night shift, I can make some extra bucks.

       (Se eu começar a trabalhar no turno da noite, poderei ganhar uma grana extra.)

Flush – abonado; cheio da grana. (usa-se quando se está com mais dinheiro do que o normal. A gíria vem do verbo flush, jorrar, transbordar, e da imagem do bolso transbordante de dinheiro.)

Ex.: She’s feeling flush, so she invited me for dinner at Fasano.

      (Ela está se sentindo rica e por isso me convidou para um jantar no Fasano.)

Quid (UK) – libra esterlina

Ex.: The new DVD I bought cost fifty quid.

      (O novo DVD que eu comprei custou 50 libras.)

A rip-off – um roubo; uma exploração; roubalheira, abuso.

Ex.: Charging three hundred dollar for a bed & breakfast room is a total rip-off!

      (Cobrar trezentos dólares or um quarto de pensão é uma exploração total!)

Cheapo – muito barato e ruim; chinfrim

Ex.: When I went to Italy, I stayed in a cheapo hotel.

      (Quando fui à Itália, fiquei num hotel muito barato e ruim.)

A dime a dozen (US)/ Ten a penny (UK) – muito comum, medíocre, a preço de banana.

Ex.:  Novels like this are a dime a dozen.

     ( Romances como esse, a gente acha a torto e direito.

To go halves – rachar, dividir meio a meio.

Ex.: Do you want to go halves with me on a bottle of wine?

      (Você quer rachar uma garrafa de vinho comigo?)

To jack up – aumentar muito os preços, valores, salários etc.

Ex.: In Summer the hotels jack up their rates.

       (No verão os hoteis aumentam muito seus preços.)

Tout (UK)/ scalper (US) -  vendedor de câmbio negro, principalmente de ingressos para jogos, teatros, shows a preços muito acima do preço oficial; cambista.

Ex.: The tout charged me twice the normal price of the tickets.

      (O cambista me cobrou o dobro do preço dos ingreessos.)

Whip-round (UK) – coleta de dinheiro feita por um grupo de pessoas; vaquinha.

Ex.: They had a whip-round at the office for Cathy’s wedding present.

      (Eles fizeram uma vaquinha para comprar o presente de casamento de Cathy.)

Rolling in it – nadando em dinheiro; montado na grana.

Ex.: He’s rolling in it.

      (Ele está nadando em dinheiro.)

Dirty cheap – baratíssimo.

Ex.: This new t-shirt was dirty cheap.

      (Essa nova camiseta foi baratíssima.)

Você Sabia?!

Este post é dedicado ao meu querido amigo Henrique Pignatari Rosas Mamprin, colunista do Jornal do Meio de Bragança Paulista.

Trabalhamos juntos na rede Yázigi (cada um na sua unidade), e hoje ele segue uma carreira bem sucedida como professor particular.

Em sua publicação do dia 02 de maio, ele abordou um tema muito interessante que trata a variedade de palavras em inglês com apenas uma tradução em português. Veja nos exemplos abaixo listados por ele, algumas palavras que em português usamos a mesma forma, mas que em inglês possuem formas diferentes para explicar ideias diferentes:

1)  Receita culinária: recipe.

Ex.: The cake will turn out fine if you stick to the recipe.

(O bolo vai sair bom se você seguir a receita.)

2)  Receita médica: prescription.

Ex.: It’s hard to understand what’s written in the prescription. The doctor’s handwriting is confusing.

(É difícil entender o que está escrito na receita. A letra do médico é confusa.)

3)  Receita financeira: revenue.

Ex.: The company has tripled its revenue over the past tem years.

(A empresa triplicou sua receita nos últimos dez anos.)

4)  Casamento (com o sentido de “instituição do casamento”): marriage.

Ex.: Celebrities’ marrieges don’t usually last more than five years.

(O casamento das celebridades geralmente não dura mais que cinco anos.)

5)  Casamento (com o sentido de “cerimonia de casamento”): wedding.

Ex.:  More than three hundred people attended Lisa and John’s wedding.

(Mais de trezentas pessoas foram ao casamento de Lisa e John.)

6)  Conhecer (ser conhecido de alguém): To know.

Ex.: I’ve known Edward since we were tem.

(Conheço Edward desde que nós tinhamos dez anos.)

7)  Conhecer (travar conhecimento com alguém): To meet.

Ex.: I’ve changed schools recently, so I haven’t met most of my teachers yet.

(Eu mudei de escola recentemente, por isso ainda não conheço a maioria dos meus professores.)

8)  Entrada (a primeira prestaçao): down payment.

Ex.: The down payment corresponds to fifteen percent of the total value of the car.

(A entrada corresponde a quinze por cento do valor total do carro.)

9)  Entrada (acesso, entrada de prédio,casa etc.): entrance.

Ex.: When I first went to the Louvre Museum it was hard to find the main entrance.

(Quando fui pela primeira vez ao museu do Louvre foi dificil achar a entrada principal.)

10)             Entrada (ingresso, bilhete de entrada): ticket

Ex.: Is it possible to buy movie tickets on the internet?

(É possivel comprar entradas de cinema pela internet?)

Mais um educador fazendo a diferença. Obrigado pela contribuição. 

USED TO

 

USED TO

 

We use 'used to' for habits, situations, or repeated actions in the past but no longer happen.

• I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
• Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't.
• I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.
 

 We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.

• There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
• She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
• I didn't use to like him but now I do.

 

For present habits and states, we use the simple present:

• They go to work by bus. (NOT They use to go to work by bus)

TO BE USED TO

 

We use 'to be used to' to express that we were/are accustomed to something.

 

It can be: be + used to + noun/-ing

• I was used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
• She was used to success.
• They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here. / they aren’t used to living with such cold weather.

 

         

    Time to practice:

      Worksheet

         On line 1

         On line 2

 

 

 

 

Simple Past (To be)

The SIMPLE PAST TENSE is used to talk about a completely finished action in the past.

As mentioned in the other post about Simple Past, we use the auxiliary DID with all the verbs, except for verb TO BE. 

Whenever you want to express something related to “ser/ estar” in the past, we don’t use DID, but WAS/ WERE, which are the past of IS-AM/WERE consecutively.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

I was	Eu era/estava
You were	Você era/ estava
He was	Ele era estava
She was	Ela era/estava
It was	Ele/ela era/estava
We were	Nós éramos/estávamos
You were	Você eram/estavam
They were	Eles/elas eram/estavam

Examples:
I was an engineer - Eu era um engenheiro.

Joseph was in his bedroom - Joseph estava em seu quarto.

We were at the classroom - Nós estávamos na sala de aula.

NEGATIVE FORM

FULL FORM	CONTRACTED FORM
I was not	I wasn’t
You were not	You weren’t
He was not	He wasn’t
She was not	She wasn’t
It was not	It wasn’t
We were not	We weren’t
You were not	You weren’t
They were not	They weren’t

Examples:

We were not (weren't) good - Nós não éramos bons.

John was not (wasn't) my friend - John não era meu amigo.

You were not (weren't) at the disco - Você não estava na danceteria.

INTERROGATIVE FORM


Was I? 
Were you?
Was he? 
Was she? 
Was it?
Were we?
Were you? 
Were they? 


Examples:

Where was she? - Onde ela estava?

Were you sick? - Você estava doente?

Was I happy? - Eu era feliz?